Brand/Product Extension Marketing Plan

Questions: Portray the segment(s) of the market you will contend in and what your target(s) are. What geological region(s) will you contend in (for example neighborhood, national, territorial or worldwide)? What segment profile(s) will your objective clients have (for example age, sexual orientation, family size, pay, occupation, instruction)? What psychographic profiles will your objective clients have (for example convictions, perspectives, social foundations)? Are there any social characteristics for the objective market (for example ongoing purchasers in this class, light-clients, once-a-year purchasers, motivation)? Is it a business-to business target showcase? Why? Arrange the business as far as geological territory; what inferred request will drive the market; nature of the purchasing exchange (delicate); and amount types (one or many). Clarify the method of reasoning behind why these are the ideal objective market fragments, for instance: developing portion/new section simply rising enormous section will it give huge rate of profitability/huge deals income? serious hole around there changing purchaser propensities have opened up new market. Clarify what market focusing on technique you will utilize, and why? Undifferentiated/separated or thought/specialty? What are your general targets? Clarify your center showcasing methodology to accomplish these goals. Creating solid brands Expanding on from the work you finished in earlier weeks, this meeting takes a gander at the creating solid brands. Concerning Appendix 1 in Kotler et al. (2013, p. 627) and the substance of a promoting plan (Kotler et al. 2013, p. 79), think about the accompanying territories comparable to your item. The item Portray your item/administration including its key highlights and advantages. Portray your enlarged item/administration. Recognize the grouping of your item/administration. Work through and clarify any applicable item characteristics. Talk about your item marking. Clarify bundling/naming choices. The brand Portray your marking technique including: brand situating brand name authorizing (whenever required) brand repositioning (whenever required). Legitimize any statistical surveying you will embrace. Portray how you will test advertise your item. Clarify any lawful perspectives that you should consider with your item (for example naming, bundling, medical problems). Answers: Presentation Market arranging is an outline of market systems that are utilized ordinarily for improving the deals and incomes of the association. It additionally centers around the ideal usage of the assets in the most helpful manner for getting the greatest yield (Kotler et al. 2013). This report will concentrate available arranging of Extra in making another flavor and advancement of solid brands through the item. Advertising Plan Topographical locales Since, Extra will dispatch the new kind of coca cola; it will contend in the national market of United States. This is on the grounds that, the coca cola flavor is an exceptionally normal and sought after kind of US (Itobe et al. 2012). Segment areas For the most part, the objective clients will have a place kids, adolescents and youngsters of both the sexual orientations. This is on the grounds that; this brand of biting gum is the main sugar free biting gum with a durable flavor (Kotler et al. 2013). Since, the costs are extremely low and are effectively accessible at all spots, clients of any family size, salary, instruction just as occupation can have it. The new kind of coca-cola it will basically draw in the clients to have it (Lafon and Lawson, 2012). Psychographic profiles It was a fantasy among the individuals that biting gums messes oral up which is broken by Extra biting gum. It is clinically demonstrated that it gives a positive effect on the oral wellbeing by reestablishing the pH balance, cleans away the held up food and remineralises the teeth assaulted by food acids (Johnson and Miles, 2008). The mentality towards having biting gum at early age will cause the rot of teeth had been broken with the dispatch of Extra biting gum. So having new kind of it alongside reward will pull in the potential just as existing clients. Conduct characteristics for the objective market By and large, having biting gum turns into a propensity for the individuals. Individuals by and large have biting gum for diminishing awful inhale, after food as reward and as a relaxant for lessening pressures (Smith, 2012). Be that as it may, interestingly individuals think having an excess of biting gum causes oral issue. This coca cola enhanced biting gum is without such sort of oral causing issues and can be taken whenever. Having new kind of it will draw in the habituated clients just as new clients to attempt it. Business to business target showcase The creation and propelling of coca cola seasoned biting gum is a business to business target showcase. This is because of the interest of biting gums in US is nearly high so propelling of new flavor will help in drawing in new clients just as keep down the old and steadfast clients (Martnez-Pabon et al. 2013). Clients by and large purchase this biting gum in medium amounts for the day by day reason use. Basis behind the ideal objective markets The market of biting gum in todays world is increasing in a significant rate since the old fantasy of tooth rot brought about by biting gums has been broken. It gives a gigantic come back to the organization and has high deals income (Rickman et al. 2012). The primary point of the organization is to give the Customers new flavors to keep down the developing business sector. Market focusing on technique The advertising methodology that will be utilized is undifferentiated promoting since the dispatch of single item will focus all in all market. The advantage of this procedure is that the items are created in a tremendous mass and can be offered to the clients at low costs (Swoboda and Temple, 2013). Since, the business volume will be high; the net revenues will likewise be high. In general targets The goal of the organization is to pick up benefit and have immense deals of the new item. Besides, it additionally points fulfilling the clients with the new flavor that will help in drawing in the clients and expanding the client database (Abrishami and Kolahi, 2013). Center showcasing systems For accomplishing these destinations, the center promoting targets are the development techniques and advancement systems (Kresge and Melanson, 2014). The market will be caught and accordingly the client database will likewise be expanded through development of new flavors. Creating solid brands Key highlights and advantages of the item The item that Extra is intending to make is the coca cola enhanced and sugar free biting gum (Smith, 2012). This item is excellent for oral wellbeing as it kills the plaque acids keeping the teeth remain shielded from rot. Increased item Aside from having coca cola flavor, this item will be made sugar free and will be gum based for safeguarding the flavor for quite a while. Common shading will be utilized and the fixings will be all normal and will be absolutely a vegan gum (Lafon et al. 2012). It will be a coca cola bottle formed item that will assist clients with knowing about the flavor already. Order of item Since, the item focuses on all the clients independent old enough, sex, occupation and instruction, so items are ordered under the solid oral propensities for having biting gum. Item characteristic This biting gum is effectively absorbable whenever gulped and won't create any future medical issue. Additionally on the off chance that it adheres to the garments likewise, it very well may be effectively evacuated without recoloring the garments (Martnez-Pabon et al. 2013). These additional properties will effortlessly pull in the clients who dread of having biting gum due to gulping it coincidentally. Item marking The item will be marked under the propensities for having solid biting gum for oral wellbeing alongside reward (Rickman et al. 2012). This will clearly help in expanding the business income as the clients will locate the twin in one advantage inside a solitary item. Bundling and naming choices The bundling and naming is done so that it doesnt add any harmful materials to the earth. The items are wrapped inside the paper coverings that can be reused for sometime later and don't add poisonous squanders to the earth (Abrishami and Kolahi, 2013). This will help in drawing in the clients to an immense degree since with the expansion in wellbeing cognizance; clients have likewise gotten natural neighborly. Marking technique Additional biting gum as of now exists in the market so the new biting gum will reposition in the current market through its new flavor and oral consideration benefits (Kresge and Melanson, 2014). The brand name will be same just with an expansion of endorsement given by the Dental wellbeing relationship for the wellbeing cognizant individuals. Statistical surveying Statistical surveying will be basic to see the degree of agreeableness and excitement of the individuals with respect to the item (Kotler et al. 2013). A quantitative statistical surveying will be done to the clients for seeing their response with respect to the new item. Test advertising the item For test advertising the item, the organization will give free examples of the biting gum to the individuals as a complimentary to the clients purchasing items in the grocery store and shopping centers (Swoboda and Temple, 2013). Seeing their response and fulfillment on having the item will help in understanding the market. Lawful perspectives The clients are currently days turning out to be a lot of wellbeing cognizant including oral wellbeing. Along these lines, the items are so made to keep up to degree of support of oral wellbeing. The legitimate perspectives like marking and bundling the items will be done so that it won't hurt the opinions of the clients (Johnson and Miles, 2008). In addition, the medical problems additionally need to recalled and the organization should keep the guarantee of keeping up oral strength of the clients as guaranteed. Con

The Phosphate In The Moroccan Industry Economics Essay

The Phosphate In The Moroccan Industry Economics Essay The assets of Moroccan economy dependent on agribusiness, phosphate, and the travel industry, and furthermore deals of fish and see food assumes a significant job in economy of Morocco. Industry and mining contribute around 33% of the yearly GDP total national output which implies all incomes procuring by a nation over the most recent a year time span. As you most likely are aware in the overall Morocco is the universes second or third-biggest maker of phosphates after United States and China. In this task I will clarify and center about the phosphate and the significant job of phosphate in the economy of Morocco, since phosphate mining in Morocco is liable for the greater part of the countries salary, which significant for developing and building up the economy of morocco. The phosphate business in Morocco As you most likely are aware Morocco is probably the biggest nation of creating and sending out the phosphate in the around the world. Morocco phosphate is maybe the most significant mineral in the nation, having different utilizations. The creation of phosphate in Morocco is completed in the four mining places in the nation, in particular Youssoufia, Boucraa, Khouribga and Benguerir. The mines in Khouribga works based on the Oulad Abdoun store of phosphates, found around 140 kilometers south-east of Casablanca. The extraction capability of this mine is around 17-18 million tons every year. The phosphate mineral removed from this mine structures the premise of trading them in remote terrains. In addition, the metals additionally offer extensive help to the new concoction industry situated in Jorf Lasfar The creation of Morocco phosphate is claimed and constrained by OCP, the state-possessed organization, the OCP bunch which represents (office chã ©rifien des phosphates): this gather ing works on the five landmasses. Its customary opening on the worldwide scene since its creation in 1920 normally asks it to forever create change, adaptability and expectation limits in order to enough meet clients progressively tough necessities in an extremely serious market(1). The OCP bunch is one of the biggest endeavor in the realm and furthermore utilizes over 2% of populace who work in the gathering OCP which help to diminish the joblessness in Morocco, on the grounds that the joblessness influence the economy of the nation and the OCP bunch which claimed by the administration they have greater duty of utilizing as much as possible to help the diminishing of joblessness, and furthermore this gathering help the representatives to do preparing with the advancement of the innovation. Morocco houses around 2/3 of the universes phosphate holds, placing it in a higher class than significant contenders China, Russia, and the United States, and this table will give you more insights concerning the save of phosphate in Morocco and different nations which delivering the phosphate: Of the four significant makers, Moroccan stores represent around half of the world aggregate. With Phosphate utilization development evaluated at 1-2% every year, worldwide phosphate saves reach out, for All aims and purposes well into the future, for quite a long time. In the interim, exhaustion of the most financially exploitable stores can be evaluated to happen inside a time of 100-130 years. (2) Morocco takes measures to cut phosphate costs in the third of June 2008 in light of the fact that the general executive of OCP Mr. Mostafa Terrab declared on Monday (June second). Utilizing an expected $4m in speculation, Morocco intends to build phosphate creation from 30 to 55 million tons for each year. Terrab said the measure is relied upon to bring phosphate costs down from the current $300 per ton to $100. Morocco possesses an expected 50 to 71% of the universes phosphate saves. As you notice from this graph in 2001 Morocco is the second enormous nation of creating phosphate rock on the planet after United State, and Morocco produce more than 20.000 tons every year. This is the reason phosphate helps the expansion of GDP in Moroccan economy consistently, and furthermore this huge enormous amount of creation the phosphate in Morocco can place the Morocco as the celebrated nation on the planet and to draw in numerous nations to arrive at their market particularly those that not have any business relationship in the phosphate business with Morocco. The secretary-general of Moroccos Finance Ministry Abdeltif Loudyi said in a meeting on April 7, 2009 in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum. Morocco will open an uncommon zone for the phosphate business and would like to draw in 50 billion dirhams ($6 billion) of ventures and furthermore said The North African nation will presumably hold a global delicate to pull in financial specialists this year, and assemble a funnel to ship the phosphate more cheaply.(3) At the point when Morocco trade phosphate to different nations particularly to one which excessively far from Morocco can cost a colossal measure of cash in transportation, as per this difficult Morocco need to utilize a specific methodology to diminish the expense of transportation and this is the reason Abdeltit Loudyi went to Sudan to examine this financial issue of phosphate with the priest of Sudan. Moroccan phosphate influences financial issues The phosphate business effectively adds to the countrys financial turn of events; by its essence in five geological regions in Morocco, for example, El Jadida, Safi, and Khouribga㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ and the phosphate make riches, give occupations, offer preparing, get supplies from and have sub-contracts with a huge and renowned system of national organizations and contributes in the production of organizations. And furthermore it is quick to guarantee the prosperity of its workers, team up with colleges and bolster compassionate, sport which OCP bunch is sponsorship with a ton of football crews in Morocco and furthermore help social activities. The most significant modern fares are crude phosphates What's more, handled items, including phosphoric corrosive and composts, yet Morocco likewise sends out materials, garments, and shoes. In spite of the fact that Morocco is the universes biggest exporter of crude and handled phosphates, the phosphates division by and large contributes just 3 percent to the GDP (4), which helps the economy of Morocco to development consistently. The new understanding includes a modern measurement, with the organizations wanting to dispatch a joint practicality concentrate into a mechanical site to create uranium from phosphoric corrosive. Also, this understanding is marked among Morocco and French this arrangement its essential to build up the economy of Morocco, this understanding which the leader of French Nicolas Sarkozy visit Morocco with the reason to build up the participation and research activities in the field of characteristic uranium between the OCP gathering and other French organizations in a similar division. As per the last measurements which propelled in the papers the fares of Moroccan phosphate expanded by 7.3% in 2002, because of the Expansion of conveyances to India, and the 8% ascend in buys by the United States.(5) This expansion helps the advancement of Moroccan economy particularly in the mineral business which increments by 5% this year. As you notice from the table there is a change somewhere in the range of 1989 and 1999 in sending out of phosphate in Morocco to those nations, there is a very diminishing of trading in US by 40%, which can influence the economy of Morocco in a negative manner. In any case, there is a colossal increment of sending out in Poland by 92% its too close to even think about doubling, this builds help the advancement of the economy of Morocco in a positive manner. The OCP bunch propelled in the news Morocco fares of manures dropped by 6.2%, and furthermore its fares of phosphoric corrosive expanded by 6.2% and those by a phosphate rock by 13.2% its a huge expanding, and fares recorded an expansion of 8.3%, every one of those increments affirms Moroccos position as the world driving exporter of phosphate under all structure, with a piece of the overall industry that moved from 28.2% in 2004 to 30.7% in 2005.(6) Just somewhere in the range of 2004 and 2005 Morocco the fares of a wide range of phosphate increment by 2.5% which useful for the economy of Morocco, this additionally brought about a record turnover, as it rose to 2.055 billion dollars, an increment of 17.8% contrasted and the last measurement of 2004, and furthermore a colossal increment of 49.34% contrasted with 2003. This expansion of Moroccan turnover can change the economy to develop continuously later on. The effect of Moroccan phosphate in the earth As you probably are aware the produce of phosphates can impact nature of Morocco in a negative manner, which implies the OCP bunch when they creates any sorts of phosphate can influence the earth and increment the level of contamination in Moroccan culture over the ocean or the air. The fundamental zones of creating phosphates by OCP bunch are Jorf Lasfar and Safi, on the Moroccan Atlantic coastline; there are compound industry plants that produce phosphate derivates including phosphoric corrosive and manures, along with side-effects, for example, sulphuric corrosive. The fluid effluents of the plants are released straightforwardly into the ocean. So as to assess their effect, we have thought about the appropriation of intertidal large scale benthos in a few areas, along industry contamination. The outcomes represent how organic decent variety and species densities decline unexpectedly in the region of these modern effluents, and furthermore how recuperation, as estimated by similar parameters, continues with good ways from the release points.(7) Be that as it may, the OCP bunch makes reference to in the yearly report in 2005, which the gathering needs to have a decent turn of events and the usage of the first OCP bunch ecological arrangement just as the setting-up of the quality-wellbeing condition contract on July 20 around the same time 2005, as per this incredible activity the gathering subscribes to contribute further towards improved network conditions life in Morocco. Morocco intend to build up the creation of phosphate In 2009 Morocco particularly OCP bunch propelled another arrangement to build up the creation of phosphate or to help the phosphate business by buying or utilizing new materials and utilizing

How to Activate Ratings and Review on Facebook Fan Page

How to Activate Ratings and Review on Facebook Fan Page In most of the Branded page you will find rating and review enabled option. This is for getting feedback from potential customers and users. However Facebook only allow Business fan page or service provider to get review and rating. So If you are a business owner or any service provider then you can activate review and rating option on your Facebook official page. But what about Blogger and WordPress blog user? don't worry you can activate review and rating option by simple trick. In this tutorial I will show you the way that will easily help you to enable this option. Before that you can see my Blog's Facebook fan page with Star ratings and review system. https://www.facebook.com/BloggerSpice If you have little time then kindly rate my Blog with 5 star and write minimum 50 characters for review. First click on Star rating icon then review box will appear and write your review there. Step1Go tohttps://www.facebook.com/and Log in to yourFacebook Account Step2Click About below your Page's cover photo. To let visitors post ratings and reviews on your fan Page, you'll need to choose Local Businesses for your Page's category. Because Facebook only allow ratings and reviews if your Page's category is Local Businesses: Step3Now click on edit link in the Address section, add your address like, City and Post code first. And in Address field write your area name (case sensitive) and Facebook will automatically detect your area name. For finding accurate area name find your position in Bing map. And click Save Changes. Step4 After saving your changes it will take some times to appear a map below given address. When your Map will appear. Click to edit the Address section again. Step5 Now Below the map, click to check the box next to Show map, check-ins and star ratings on the Page. After that Click Save Changes button. Now check your Facebook Page and see Review and Rating has enable. So if any readers wants to write review s/he must rate the page first by clicking on 4/5 star. And after that s/he able to write review. Remember that at least 50 character should be write on review box otherwise Done option won't be activate. Good side of this rating system is your page look like branded page with 5 stars. But the bad side is if you get more 1 star then your site rating will go down. For this reason review writer should write review after proper assessment of a site and after that s/he should write review. I hope this tutorial help you for enabling review and star rating. However if you face any trouble then feel free to leave a comment below. Thank you.

Bullying A Serious Problem - 1326 Words

The issue of bullying may seem insignificant and petty, but the truth is we are conditioned to ignore it. The fear of being the next victim has caused many to lose sight of their moral compass when it comes to defending one another or standing up for what is right. Instead we cower and turn our attention to giving way to the biggest and loudest voice. Most people are prone to neglect the fact someone is being bullied, because once again they fear becoming the next victim. School bullying is a problem found all across the United States and around the world. It can take many forms, including physical violence, psychological bullying, name-calling, taunting, teasing, and social exclusion. Bullying was once thought of as a normal†¦show more content†¦Bullying is one of the factors in deterring a student’s ability to reach a higher level of education. It does the opposite of empowering students; physical and verbal abuse can result in lack of confidence, being unabl e to adjust to people or environments and overall failure to thrive. If there is no healing after physical and/or verbal abuse from the wounds inflicted, then the chances of the victim moving forward to success will not occur. Bullying is defined as â€Å"a process in which one person repeatedly uses his superior strength or influence to mistreat attack or force another person to do something.†1 Being bullied is a part of most every child’s life today; studies show that millions of kids are bullied each year with little to no intervention. Bullying can sometimes do permanent psychological damage which never heals. If not dealt with in a timely manner the students can undergo damage ending in insanity or suicide. Bullying does not only affect the victim, it can also traumatizes the innocent bystanders who witness the abuse while seemingly remaining helpless to stop the act. Bystanders can â€Å"be reluctant to attend school, feel fearful or powerless to act and guilty for not acting, have increased mental health problems, including depression and anxiety, and have increased use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs.†2 Most bullying happens when a bystander is not around to

On How the Environment Influences Interpresonal Communication

Interpersonal communication is exchange of information between two or more people. It is withal an area of study. Related skills are learned and can be ameliorated. During interpersonal communication there is message sending and message receiving. This can be conducted utilizing both direct and indirect methods. Successful interpersonal communication is when the message senders and the message receivers understand the message. According to Saundra Hybels, the environment influences interpersonal communication. How we react to this environment is tenacious by our culture, sociological roles, and psychological make-up. Every culture has rules that its members are expected to follow. They are subsidiary guides in our day-to-day casual relationships. Sociological roles impose inhibitions on interpersonal communication because we often cannot elude our consciousness of the role. For instance, even when we verbalize with an edifier as a friend, there is always the vigilance that he or she will eventually have to give us a grade. This vigilance is liable to make our communication less free and open. Psychological rules are internal and are predicated on the postures, values, and credence’s that we have acquired throughout our lives. In some cases, our psychological rules may be in conflict with our cultural or sociological rules. If both spouses emanate from a homogeneous cultural or sociological background they will probably have a close psychological relationship. The most

The Effect of Religion on Education Essay - 656 Words

The Effect of Religion on Education Religion has played an important part in the development of education ever since the beginning, even before the creation of schools. The first schools, which were monasteries, started around the Dark Ages, approximately 450 A.D.; Back then, educations only purpose was to people of the religious persuasion, especially Christianity. Christianity is the religion that has most affected education, and so was the case back then, too. Those people I was talking about before were the ones with the power, however. The pope commanded more respect and authority than the king, the church taxed the people, and the church dictated the laws of the land. The church was in charge of the peoples souls, so they†¦show more content†¦Then to add fuel to the fire, the printing press was invented. This allowed the people to see the bible for themselves, a book which was before only held in the hands of the church. People could interpret the book for themselves, and didnt need the church or it s priests as much as they used to. Religion was the only kind of education until then, as people started to try and see the world in a more secular sense. This was the beginning of the end of education and religion being tied so closely together. The church lost a lot of power, as the bible became the ultimate authority replacing the pope and the priests. Around this time, universal education started. Universal education is the system in which everyone, even commoners, have the right to a basic elementary education. Martin Luther also introduced other new ideas concerning education, such as state controlled curriculum, teacher certification, and finances. He also believed in vocational and higher education being made available for everyone, not just the wealthy or elite. The next great development in the Religion/Education relationship came around the time of the population of North America by the Europeans. There were three major colonies in the territory that is now the U.S.: the North, Middle and South colonies. Each took to education in a different manner. The NorthernShow MoreRelatedThe Social Survey ( Gss )1135 Words   |  5 Pagessex, years of education, religion, marital status, and general happiness. Most of those are considered core demographic factors for any study, thus no explanation is needed, with the exception of happiness. Happiness was included because of the supposed relationship between happiness and generosity; research has stated that volunteering makes people happy and that happy people volunteer more. For this research, no control variables were used as the interest was in seeing the effect, of lack thereofRead MoreWorld Issues : Personal Opinion1572 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration the positives effects of colonization. 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Animal imagery in of mice and men free essay sample

The title of John Steinbecks novel comes from a Robert Burns poem about the struggle for survival of a field-mouse: The best laid plans o mice and men Gang aft agley which suggests from the outset that the lives of men and animals are closely linked in this novel. At the beginning of the novel not only do we learn about Lennies love of petting small creatures but we also learn about the hopes and dreams of the two characters. The fact that the poem then goes on to say: An leae us nought but grief and pain For promised Joy is also highly relevant to the themes of the novel since the connotations of the title nd the link to the Burns poem suggest that their dreams are doomed from the start. In the opening paragraphs of the novel, Steinbeck creates a picture of the natural world as a beautiful place which is disturbed by humans. To begin with the rabbits sat as quietly as little, gray sculptured stones but as Lennie and George approach the tranquillity is disturbed as the rabbits run for cover. The rabbits are presented as innocent and cute in their natural setting but the tranquillity of the setting is deceptive, an illusion, representing the calm before the storm whilst the grotesque maginary rabbit in the last section is not only a distortion of nature but a recognition that the natural world order has been overturned. Lennies dream is bound up with animals; his great desire is to tend the rabbits and when he gets George to repeat the mantra of the dream to him over and over again, it is this aspect that Lennie really focuses on rather than the ownership of the land. However, animals represent not only Lennies dream but also his downfall. In the first section, Lennies child-like love of petting small creatures, particularly mice, is shown in some detail. Moreover, Lennie does not Just pet small animals, he ets them to death. When George takes the dead mouse away from Lennie it is obviously not the first time that this has happened. George recalls that Lennies Aunt Clara stopped giving him mice because You always killed em. We are alerted to the fact that Lennie kills the things that he pets very early on in the novel, therefore. The fate of the puppy given to Lennie by Slim seems sealed from the start. When Lennie tries to bring it back into the bunkhouse, George tells Lennie Youll kill him the first thing you know. It is not only with small animals that Lennie is inclined to be rough. We learn that the roblems in Weed started because Lennie Jus wanted to feel that girls dress Jus wanted to pet it like it was a mouse. Steinbeck uses the deaths of the small animals to show that despite loving to stroke nice things, he inevitably kills them; once Lennie starts to stroke Curleys wifes hair, theretore, it is only a matter ot time betore a similar tate betalls her. One of the most obvious uses of animal imagery is in the descriptions of Lennie which abound with comparisons with creatures. The first description of Lennie tells of how he Walked heavily the way a bear drags his paws. When Lennie drinks eeply of the water at the beginning of this first scene, the noise he makes is likened toa horse. It is not only the sounds that Steinbeck suggests make Lennie animal-like but also the simple way he addresses his thirst by plunging his whole head in the water. Later, Lennie is said to have dabbled his big paw in the water. The use of the bear metaphor is significant with the implicit suggestion of the legendary strength of the bear and the over-enthusiastic petting of things, the bear hug which is a precursor to the death of Curlers wife later in the novel. The use of animal comparisons helps the reader to understand Lennies character nd gives clues about what he will be like in different situations. When George is trying to get the mouse away from Lennie in the opening section, Steinbeck uses the simile like a terrier to suggest that Lennie will not let something go. This has further implications later in the novel when Lennie has the fight with Curley and will not let go of his hand. Lennies reverence of George has a dog-like quality and when George snapped his fingers sharply at Lennie there is the suggestion that it is like a dog obeying its master. However there is a sense ofa power in Lennie that cannot always be controlled. One of the most obvious uses of animal imagery is the episode with Candys dog which Steinbeck uses symbolically to hint at what is to come. The way the old dog follows Carlson so trustingly mirrors the way Lennie obeys George at the end. When he tells him to remove his hat, Lennie does so dutifully and when George tells him to look across the river Lennie obeyed him. The death of Candys dog foreshadows Lennies death; Lennie is shot in exactly the same way as the old dog, in the back of the head, and for the same reason to protect him from future misery. The last section of the novel ends where it began in the clearing but the ranquillity of the scene in which the snake glides smoothly through the pool is disturbed by the heron which: plucked it out by the head and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically. It is shortly after this that George finds Lennie and shoots him. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck weaves animal imagery into the fabric of the novel, often as a precursor to what will happen in the human world. Lennie dies dreaming of the rabbits he wishes to tend. It seems to be a fitting end. characters. The tact that the poem then goes on to say: therefore, it is only a matter of time before a similar fate befalls her. he bear and the over-enthusiastic petting ot things, the bear hug which is a precursor to the death of Curleys wife later in the novel. mplications later in the novel when Lennie has the fght with Curley and will not let goof his hand. Lennies reverence of George has a dog-like quality and when George obeying its master. However there is a sense of a power in Lennie that cannot always as innocent and cute in their natural setting but the tranquillity ot the setting is nice things, he inevitably kills them; once Lennie starts to stroke Curlers wifes hair, be controlled

Boudicca the Revolt free essay sample

But despite the obvious Roman agenda that has been intertwined within the recounts of Tacitus and Dio, they remain to be the only credible primary sources of information and provide the most accurate reports of the revolt’s eruption, core and aftermath. Differences and contradictions exist in both accounts of the revolt, with Tacitus harbouring a more lenient attitude towards the British in his collections, ‘Agricola’ and the ‘Annals’. Tacitus suggests that the underlying cause of the revolt was the mistreatment of the Iceni tribe by the Romans following Prasutagus’ death. Tacitus writes in Agricola, ‘the Britons dwelt much amongst themselves on the miseries of subjection†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ introducing the idea that the native’s rights had been suppressed and that the revolt was partly at the fault of the Roman government. Tacitus, in the Annals, proposes that frustration and resentment grew within the Iceni after the Romans ignored Prasutagus’ will to share the rulership of the tribe between the emperor and his two daughters. We will write a custom essay sample on Boudicca the Revolt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead, Roman officers and slaves alike attacked his kingdom, publicly flogging his wife, Boudicca, and raping his two daughters. Outrage ensued within the humiliated tribe, subsequently leading to the rise of the revolt. Tacitus’ account of the events that led to the revolt display a soft tone of sympathy towards the natives, whilst also openly criticizing and condemning the treatment the Iceni received; thereby providing the most objective viewpoint of the revolt’s roots. On the other hand, Cassius Dio submits other reasons behind the eruption of Boudicca’s revolt in ‘Dio’s Roman History’. Dio introduces the idea that the Iceni were searching for an ‘excuse’ to strengthen the notion that the Romans were tyrants in order to ignite the rebellion and overthrow the invasion, ‘an excuse for the war was found in the confiscation of sums of money that Claudius had given to the foremost Britons. ’ Dio proceeds to propose another possible cause, focusing on the money that Seneca, hoping to garner profit from interest, lent the natives and later demanded back through harsh strategies. However, Dio concludes that ‘the person who was chiefly instrumental in rousing the natives and persuading them to fight†¦ was Boudicca. Dio’s approach to the revolt presents the British tribes as greedy; killing seventy thousand people for the sake of the money that was taken from them. Cassius Dio projects biasness towards Rome in his work, hence the title of his historical collection ‘Dio’s Roman History’. This is especially clear when Dio, in his collection, chooses to overlook the growing frustration amongst the native tribes that was caused by the aggression of the Romans, as suggested by Tacitus and other minority sources. Manda Scott, British author of the ‘Boudicca’ series, agrees that the financial conflicts between the native tribes and Rome were essential to the breakout of the war; however, she insists that the conflicts were because of Roman greed for money, opposing Dio’s insistence on presenting the blame upon the British natives. Tacitus and Dio’s accounts of the revolt bring forth different perspectives in regards to the causes. Yet, both historians have recorded similar information in regards to the events and the aftermath. In Tacitus’ ‘The Annals’, Boudicca’s army destroyed Camulodunum and burnt down the Temple of Claudius – referred to as ‘Citadel of Tyranny’ by Paul Sealey a major symbolic victory for the Trinovantes, whose land was seized for the construction of the temple. The large army then advanced to Londinium, where Suetonius was awaiting them. However, upon contemplation, Suetonius decided to abandon Londinium to its fate on the basis of his army’s numerical inferiority, a decision that was morally criticized by Tacitus, ‘unmoved by lamentations and appeals, Suetonius gave the signal for departure. Tacitus portrays the rebels as barbaric during their campaign, recounting that they ‘could not wait to cut throats, hang, burn and crucify. ’ Similarly, Dio, in ‘Roman History VIII’ also depicts the Britons as savages by describing in detail their methods of torture, ‘They hung up naked the noblest women an d then cut off their breasts†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ After the rebels ravaged Londinium and Verulamium, in an unknown location, Suetonius gathered his army of 10,000 men. Suetonius positioned his men in a position that gave the British the impression that they were trapped, giving the Romans the advantage of deceiving their opponents before an ambush attack. As Boudicca’s army of, according to Dio, 230,000 men encountered the experienced Roman soldiers, Dio writes that Suetonius ‘could not extend his line the whole length of hers†¦ so inferior they were in numbers. ’ For this reason, the army was divided into three bodies, to which Suetonius delivered three speeches of encouragement and comfort, saying, ‘Up, Romans! Show these accursed wretches how far we surpass them†¦ Fear not. Meanwhile, Boudicca also delivered a speech to her army that further fueled their rage, ‘†¦old people are killed, virgins are raped†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ whilst also giving them confidence to fight, ‘they will never face the din and roar of all our thousands’, before ordering them to charge. As the large army charged toward s the Romans, Tacitus writes that Suetonius signaled his men to throw their javelins at the approaching mass. John Nayler, historical consultant, explainss Suetonius’ strategy as to move as one shielded body, so as to act as a defense, whilst those at the front used their short swords to kill attackers. Meanwhile, Tacitus’ account, ‘then, in wedge formation, they burst forward’, supports this theory. As the battle begun and their forces clashed, Dio’s account suggests that the battle was initially even between both sides as the ‘heavy-armed were opposed to the heavy-armed, cavalry crashed with cavalry†¦the barbarians would assail the Romans with a rush of their chariots. ’ However, as events unfolded, order was lost and chaos unfolded, ‘horsemen would overthrow foot-soldier and foot-soldier strike down horseman. Neither Tacitus nor Dio provide further detail other than that the battle continued ‘for a long time’ but ‘finally, late in the day, the Romans prevailed. ’ As many as eighty thousand Britons fell according to Tacitus, but as for the Roman casualties, both historians deliberately give the illusion that the Romans were not massacred in order to maintain the reputation of their victory. There exist co ntradictions between Tacitus and Dio in regards to Boudicca’s fate, with Tacitus claiming that she poisoned herself whilst Dio writes that he died of illness. Manda Scott supports Tacitus’ account, suggesting that this would be the most plausible explanation considering the grief that Boudicca would have experienced after the mass slaughter of her people as well as the loss of her two daughters. Along with the Britons’ defeat and the loss of their leader, they had also suffered from famine due to neglecting their crops that year. As for the aftermath of the revolt within Rome, Tacitus recounts that Suetonius prolonged the war through punitive operations, gaining criticism from Classicianus. These criticisms, in turn, were received by Rome, who had interests to stop the war immediately so as to save resources and lives. Therefore, Nero sent his freedman, Polyclitus, to assess the situation in Britain, resulting in the replacement of Suetonius by Turpilianus in the hopes of improving relations with the natives. To conclude, Boudicca’s revolt, though ending in a military failure, was a spectacular failure that displayed to the Romans the strength and determination of a race that they had seen as inferior. Due to this revolt, which comprised of inexperienced tribesmen and women, the dynamics of the Roman government in Britain had shifted as Nero realized the core importance of maintaining good relations with the tribes. Both Tacitus and Dio have played major roles in retelling the story of Boudicca and the legacy of her political revolution, providing essential information and details that have helped modern historians to study and observe Boudicca and all the events that surrounded her. s

Humanities and Art - Caravaggios David essays

Humanities and Art - Caravaggio's David essays Caravaggios David with the Head of Goliath is truly an important painting expressing a known fact that every painter paints himself in a clear and defining way. It was week one in our Reading of the Arts class when I first saw this painting. My immediate aesthetic response was that it was a gory biblical painting that depicted the triumph of David over Goliath. Although I was right to a certain extent, I did not realize back in week one what the artist was attempting to portray until doing further research on the painting. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio also known as the Anti-Christ of painting was born in Milan, Italy in 1571. While growing up he trained as a painter, and in his early twenties he moved to Rome, the epic center of art. The time period was the early 17th century where art took on Baroque artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear interpreted detail to produce tension, emotion, and drama. The popularity of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church. The baroque style was a direct response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in with emotional involvement. Caravaggio, a follower of the Roman Catholic Church, always had a wealth of commissions and patrons because of his many paintings. He lived a very careless, above the law type of lifestyle which he reflects upon in this particular painting. In 1606, Caravaggio was involved in a duel where he killed a master swordsman. Because he could never prove that it was duel for sport, a murder warrant was issued therefore Caravaggio fled Rome. It wasnt until 1610 that Caravaggio painted David with the Head of Goliath ask plea to the Pope begging for his pardon to return to Rome. Some believed that this spectacular oil painting on canvas was just another depiction of the religious tale of David and Goliath, but it is so much more. Like I said before, initially I too thought it was jus...

City Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

City Budget - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in making a budget a number of considerations are factored into the decision-making process which is a prerequisite in budgeting. A budget which is a financial plan aids in ensuring that funds are not misappropriated and only identified stuff is dealt with as per the plan. It shows estimate expenditures and income or revenue sources to finance the expenses. This may be in form of the different types of loans and grants, taxes, bills and the expenses include payments of human resources, initiation of new development plans, repayment of previously taken loans amongst others. Â  According to the Scott, a budget preparation requires a study and evaluation of previously made budgets to understand the trend and the constants that are independent of time. Generally, the average of the first seven years is considered because it gives a true representation of the previous budgets. It is important to note that there are years of economic depres sion and inflation in a budget. It should be prepared on time and the prior year’s actual financial activity should form the basis of your start. The revenue sources are analyzed and conservative amounts are given, no overestimates are included in a budget forecast. A combination of recurrent and fixed/investment of year’s expenditure is added to find the general expenditure of the current year and a liberal approach is applied to indicate expenditure; in expenses, it is better to overestimate than to underestimate.

Mrs Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mrs - Research Proposal Example The media brought out the Egyptian revolution to the world and made the world unite in protest. The heroic portrayals of the Egyptian people through the media could be one of the reasons that made people stand up and fight. But there were losses, in terms of life and property. Who accounts for that? In togetherness is makes a very interesting topic to research on the impact of media in bringing about revolution. Purpose of the Research: The main purpose of this research paper should be to thoroughly investigate and find a co relation between the presence of media in everyday life and the surge in people’s revolutions against tyranny and dictatorship across the world. Objective of the Research: The main objectives of the paper can be summarized as follows: The paper should also help realize to what extent the media has been playing a role as a catalyst in instigating people’s thought and need for a revolutionary movement. ... Academics argue that most individual’s life style and thoughts are influenced by what is being portrayed by the media. Thus it become very important to analyze if revolutionary decisions are being taken rationally or is the media responsible for instigating such interest and motives by its portrayal of events. Is it not possible that the media can be selective in what it portrays as eventually it also has to look after its economic viability? (Biagi, 2002) Literature Review: April, 2007 witnessed the worst school shooting in American history when one gunman took 32 other lives beside himself inside Virginia Tech University. Psychologist and member of the society put the cause on over exposure to violent entertainment in the media. Activists and leaders called on the media to control their portrayal of violence in an attempt to protect the minds of young people. At the same time, it is also to be noted that the media portrayals may not affect the behavior of all individuals in the same way (Sparks, 2010). However the presence of media can be seen everywhere around human beings to the extent that it affects us economically socially and culturally. Sometimes the mass media even influences one’s way of talking, eating habits, working, studying and relaxing (Biagi, 2006). The media is then also seen as a source of power and empowerment for the civil society. It brings knowledge that lets people think and decide, provides empowerment to the society by revolutionizing thoughts. The empowerment of women in many societies across the globe is often credited to the efforts of mass media to bring along changes (Klaehn, 2010). It is also supported by Sparks (2010) saying that progress through personal experiences and

Relationship Between Freedom And Authority

Relationship Between Freedom And Authority In this essay I will discuss the relationship between freedom and authority in Jean-Jacques Rousseaus essay The Social Contract, and John Stuart Mills essay On Liberty. I will argue through my comparison of each philosopher that Mills conception of liberty is the richer and more persuasive of the two. Rousseaus conception of freedom in The Social Contract is that people attain their freedom through a transformation from a state of nature to civil society. We give up our natural freedom in exchange for civilized freedom. His contention is that we can be both free and subject to political authority; Rousseau thinks its possible to be autonomous and subject to law, when we obey those laws of which we are the author. He justifies this model of political authority by saying that government and laws are the will of the sovereign we give our consent for them to exist. That consent is guided by what Rousseau calls the general will. The general will is an idea that signifies the wishes or welfares of society as a whole. The purpose of the general will is to guide society to a common good, to advise society in its creation of laws and express what is best for all individuals. The problem with the general will, Mill claims, is that it seems to reject individual diversity. Mill is worried that minorities may be oppressed if they think differently to the majority. Considering all individuals revoked their natural liberty through the change from a state of nature to civil society, Rousseau thinks that society must force individuals to conform to the general will, or as he puts it, society must force them to be free. He thinks that by associating ourselves with the general will we acquire morality, and actually become freer than we were before. To Rousseau, freedom is attained when one follows the general will. Mills essay On Liberty is a strong counter argument to Rousseaus conception of freedom, especially regarding the general will. Contrasting Rousseau, Mills idea is not a social contract theory. According to Mill, in order for a society to be free it must avoid interfering with the lives of its people wherever possible. The threat, as Mill sees it, is that if we subscribe to the concept of the general will then society risks becoming paternalistic, or a tyranny of the majority where minority views are supressed if they do not conform to those of the majority. Mill thinks that society constrains the individual, and that society should be limited in the power it can exert over individuals; he enumerates three conditions upon which society must follow in order to be free: freedom of thought and feeling, freedom of tastes and pursuits and the freedom to unite with other consenting individuals for any reason providing it does no harm to others. He says that if a society does not follow these conditions it is not free. Mill wants to avoid principles and laws as much as possible because he sees them as unnecessary constraints. The only principle that Mill does want to establish is the harm principle what he calls the object of his essay. The harm principle says that the only time one can interfere with the liberty of another person, individually or collectively, is for self-protection. This principle claims that if an individual is not doing any harm to anyone in their actions, then society has no right to interfere. Over himself says Mill, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign it is the individual, and not society, who should decide how best to live. Mills conception of freedom appears to be a version of negative liberty, a type of freedom that allows one to do what they want free from restrictions. His freedom is the absence of obstacles, barriers or constraints. Rousseaus social contract theory is a type of positive liberty, that allows citizens to act in such a way as to take control of ones life and realise ones fundamental purposes. Rousseau characterises two types of freedom in The Social Contract: the natural liberty, which is limited only by the strength of the individual and civil liberty, which is limited by the general will. Natural liberty is the freedom to follow ones own desires. Civil liberty is the freedom one attains when they follow the general will. Like Rousseau, Mill talks about a type of civil or social freedom; however, unlike Rousseau he doesnt speculate about a state of nature. Rather, Mill states that his theory is justified by utilitarianism, he isnt making a comparison between a state of nature and civil society. I think this makes Mills argument more persuasive because he isnt making an assumption that we have natural rights. Mill doesnt seem to think we have natural rights, and even if we do, Rousseau doesnt tell us how we can actually know what they are. Rousseau appears to think that we have an intrinsic freedom that exists in the state of nature, and he wants to merge the individual liberty one supposedly has in the state of nature, with civil society. He thinks the way to do this is by following the general will. I think the biggest problem at the heart of Rousseaus social contract theory is the way he deals with individuals who disagree with the general will. He states that if anyone refuses to obey the general will he will be compelled to do so by the whole body; which means nothing else than that he will be forced to be free. His social contract declares that if an individual disagrees with the general will, then they must be wrong, and for their own good they must be forced to conform to the general will. Mill would undoubtedly consider such forced conformity a tyranny of the majority because of his strong belief that individuality is something that should be cherished and valued. Mill would disagree with Rousseaus notion that people should be forced to be free since he thinks its detrimental to both the individual and the majority when an alternative opinion is oppressed. Rousseau on the other hand, thinks that taking up the general perspective of the community is always the right thing to do. Contrary to Rousseau, Mill doesnt think that the majority gain their power because they are infallible, but simply because they are the most numerous or the most active part of the people. Mill states that silencing the expression of an opinion deprives the human race. Firstly, reasons Mill, if a majority silences an opinion that is different or less popular than their own, and that alternative opinion turns out to be right, then they are depriving themselves of what is right. Almost as great a benefit to society is listening to an alternative opinion even if it turns out to be wrong, because challenging dominant opinion prevents stagnation. Stifling opinion is always a bad thing; Mill says that Absolute princes, or others who are accustomed to unlimited deference, usually feel this complete confidence in their own opinions on nearly all subjects because their opinion is never tested. It is through this collision with error that the truth becomes stronger. Mill thinks that this proc ess of listening to a whole variety of thought and feeling leads to a healthier cultural climate and a place of greater freedom and liberty. Rousseau might object to Mills importance of minority opinion by saying that emphasis on individuality undermines social and political obligations. That its somehow an unrealistic idea to consider everyones opinion. He says in the social contract that citizens must be forced to follow the general will, because it means society will not depend on any one person for change to occur. Rousseau says of the general will that this condition is the device that ensures the operation of the political machine. He thinks its naÃÆ'Â ¯ve to listen to a minority not only because he assumes they must be wrong, but because they prevent the political system from making any progress. Rousseau thinks that without the general will, a political system would be absurd and tyrannical, and subject to the most terrible abuses. However, Mill would still disagree and respond by saying that if all mankind minus one were of one opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind. I think where they really differ here is that Mill doesnt think anyone can be free if theyre forced to conform to the majority, whereas Rousseau thinks conformity is necessary for liberty and best for the community- he says that every authentic act of the general will, obligates or favours all the citizens equally. He knows that its unrealistic that all citizens will agree to the general will, and so he says minorities must be forced to follow it (forced to be free). Perhaps its painfully obvious here that Rousseau has left himself in a vulnerable position he doesnt really explain to us how one must be forced to follow the general will. Thus, theres possibly an element of compatibility between Rousseaus and Mills conceptions of freedom. If its the case that the process of being forced to be free includes Mills notion that people should be free to debate and discuss, and providing everyones opinion is treated with respect and they are convinced, through discussion, to change their vi ews, then its certainly possible that eventually all citizens will individually come the same conclusions about the common good of their community. Its certainly conceivable, but it seems unlikely. Even if this compatibility were to exist, Mill would object by saying that we still need a variety of opinion even if its wrong to prevent social stagnation and to challenge popular views. He would say that providing an individual is doing what they please by means of the harm principle, then society has no right to demand such an active citizenship from them. Rousseau may take issue with Mills harm principle but asking what actually constitutes harm. Its obvious that physical harm is detrimental and people shouldnt be free to harm others but there are forms of consequentialism that can piece together seemingly harmonious actions, and prove that they actually have damaging effects. For instance, universal consequentialism focuses on the consequences for all people rather than the individual agent. Rousseau might say that a person may not seem to be harming another individual in their actions, but an ingenious person could find harmful consequences for almost anything a person does. One might find themselves aroused by conflicting emotions if made to choose between the philosophies of Rousseau and Mill, depending on how they feel about an issue. It seems especially difficult to feel one has to conform to the majority when they disagree with it, but of course when one is on the side of the majority it can be hard to understand why anyone wouldnt be. The majority of climate scientists support global warming, and if one believes in global warming it seems hard to understand why anyone would reject it. If you want gay marriage but the majority doesnt, it seems crazy to think you have to conform to the general will. I think this is what makes Rousseaus and Mills conceptions of freedom so attractive to us. I find Mills argument to be more persuasive than Rousseaus because even with modifications to Rousseaus social contract, the general will seems unable to avoid a tyranny of the majority. The general will seems too abstract to utilise without thinking of it as simply the sum of all private interests; Rousseau makes it hard for us to recognize what the general will is or how to determine it, and he offers no reassurance that the majority knows what is best. He seems to be making a huge assumption that we have natural rights in the first place, but he provides no evidence for them. Works Cited Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty and The Subjection of Women. London: Penguin Group, 2006. Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The Social Contract, A new translation by Christopher Betts. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

A South Korean Company that Operates in China Essay -- Asian Economics

A South Korean Company that Operates in China This report address’s the requirements at hand to select a South Korean company that has operations in China Executive Summary: In 1992, Samsung Electronics adopted the form of a wholly owned subsidiary as the entry mode into China. It’s entry into China was in order to maintain growth due to the tough competition in Korea. China was selected in order to take advantage of its low wages for the mass production of low to medium priced products. The initial manufacturing ground was at Tianjin due to its costal location hence making it easy to export abroad and to major locations in China. The original focus of producing low cost products resulted in a cheap image of Samsung in China and led to a loss of US$210,000 in 1998 for its Suzhou division. The 1997 Asian economic crisis led to Samsung shifting its focus towards higher quality products. Samsung realised they could not compete with the Chinese manufacturers in terms of low priced products. In order to remain competitive in China, Samsung shifted its marketing strategy to one based on â€Å"selection and concentration†. After 1997, the focus was on the 10 major cities in China including Beijing, Tianjin, Suzhou, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Samsung came up with the â€Å"5% strategy†, targeting their products at the top 5% earners in China. The intensity of their Research & Development (R&D) in China grew with the expansion of their plant at Suzhou. Recently, there appears to be a shift in their operations from the Pearl River Delta to the Yangtze River Delta. This allows Samsung to take advantage of the better skilled personnel and infrastructure available for R&D. Samsung also set up a second Headquarters in Beijing which is responsible for marketing, personnel recruitment and for shaping of Samsung’s long term ambitions in China. Introduction: The Samsung group has 116 subsidiaries in 67 countries and received sales revenue from local subsidiaries of US$29billion. Over the last 5 years sales and net income have increased 1.6 times and 45 times, respectively. Sales in 2010 are anticipated to be 1.9 times that of 2002, with pre-tax profits expected to increase 2.1 times. Samsung is a heavily diversified company, and in order to best demonstrate its market entry to China, the report will look at the electronics arm to demonstr... ...eman, E., 2003. "Can the Pearl River Delta region still compete?", in The China Business Review, 30(3): 6-17, pages 53-63.  · Skopal, A. and C.J.Zhu, 2002. "An evaluation of entry strategy development in China?", in The 4th International Symposium on Multinational Business Management Proceedings, Nanjing, China, May 19-21, pages 65-73  · New York Times, 1991, (cited 9 May 2005) ‘Korean Companies in China’, late edition (East Coast), New York, pg. D20,  · Christian Science Monitor, 1992, (cited 9 May 2005) ‘High-Tech Giant Gears for Future The president of Samsung Electronics Company’, pre-1997 Full text, Boston, Mass, pg. NOPGCIT,  · Strategic Direction, 1999, (cited 9 May 2005), ‘Samsung Electronics play the China Card’, Bradford: Jul/Aug, Vol.15, Iss. 7, pg. 24  · Sender H., 2003, (cited 9 May 2005) ‘World Business (A Special Report); Back From the Brink: Samsung Electronics got into trouble by being like many Asian firms; It survived by being different’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), New York, Sep. 22, pg. R.5  · Lee, B. J., 2004, (cited 9 May 2005) ‘Gotta Be Chinese’, Newsweek New York: Jun 28, Vol. 143, Iss. 26, pg. E8

The Effect of Conflict Towards Performance

INTRODUCTION Businesses nowadays are operating in a turbulent environment where organisations are searching for measures that will allow them to improve their performance and competitiveness (Dodd, 2003). Conflict is generally regarded as disagreement regarding interests or ideas (Esquivel and Kleiner, 1997). In addition organisational conflict is regarded as the discord that occurs when the goals, interests or values of different individuals or groups are incompatible with those of individuals or groups block or frustrate each others in an attempt to achieve their objectives.Conflict are inevitable part of organisational life since the goals of different stakeholders such as managers and staff are often incompatible (Jones  et al. , 2000). Besides that,  Loomis and Loomis (1965)  argue that Conflict is an ever-present process in human relations. That is why various organisations have changed their approaches to enable them to manage their organisations effectively to avoid con flicts at all costs. Conflict is a fact of life in any organisations as longer as people compete for jobs, resources, power, recognition and security.In addition, dealing with conflicts is a great challenge to management (Adomi and Anie, 2005). Conflicts commonly arise when employees interact in organisations and compete for scarce resources. Employees in various organisations are organized into manageable groups in order to achieve common goal, therefore, the probability of conflicts to arise is very high. Nowadays, most serious conflicts make headlines in the newspapers, which might affect the public image of the company. Conflicts have both negative and positive outcomes to the individual employees and the organization at large.There is no one source of conflicts which occurs in organisations at all levels of management (Barker  et al. , 1987). In social life, conflicts do occur but they are managed by family members, friends and relatives. The same case applies to organisation s, when conflicts arise; it needs to be resolved by management for the sake of the organisational growth, survival and enhance performance. However, conflicts are rarely resolved easily, to a certain extend most conflicts are managed, as individuals work out differences (Barker  et al. , 1987).Conflict can occur within groups (intra-group conflict) or among groups (inter-group conflict). Therefore, the main aim of this study is to examine the effects of organizational conflicts towards organizational performance. It specifically tries to examine in detail, the causes, types, effects and recommend various strategies on how to resolve organizational conflicts to enhance organizational performance. WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT? ‘A condition between or among workers whose jobs are interdependent, who feel angry, who perceive the other(s) as being at fault, and who act in ways that cause a business problem. (Dana, D. 2001) Interdependency – each party needs something fr om the other and are vulnerable if they don’t get it Feeling Angry – people are emotionally upset – anger is not always visible – some people will hide their anger with a veneer of politeness – however, Dana suggests that the emotion we all know as anger is always present when there is a conflict. Blaming Each Other – each party sees the other as being at fault often moving from the immediate workplace issue into personal issues Causing a Business Problem – How is the conflict impacting on job performance? if it is not then it does not fall within the definition of workplace conflict. This definition includes emotions, thoughts and behaviors – psychologists consider these three the only dimensions of human experience. So conflict is rooted in all parts of our human experience. Factors of conflict in organization 1. Managerial Expectations – it is job of an employee to meet the expectations of his manager, but if those ex pectations is misunderstood, conflict can arise. 2. Breakdown in Communication If a department requires information from another department in order to its job, and the second department does not respond to the request this is will lead to conflict to arise. 3. Misunderstanding the information Internal conflict can sometimes arise as the result of a simple misunderstanding. One person may misunderstand information, and that can trigger a series of conflict. 4. Lack of accountability Organization conflict might arise from frustration. One source of frustration is a lack of accountability.If something has gone wrong, and no one is willing to take responsibility for the problem, this lack of accountability can start to permeate throughout the entire company until the issue is resolved. Factors of conflict in employee 1. Differing values Some employees have strong beliefs, which they are not willing to compromise. These beliefs can conflict with coworkers’, creating conflict. 2. Opposing interest When an employee decides to pursue her own career goal, without regard for the organizational goal and its well- being, it result in strife among coworkers. 3. Personality ConflictsOne employee may have a reserved a personality while another may be more outgoing and forward. Problem arises when the two do not understand or respect each others’ inner nature. 4. Personal problems If the employee has problems outside the workplace, such as marital or parental issues, she may take them to work with her. Positive And Negative Effects Of Conflict It is often assumed that all conflict is bad for the organisation, however if managed effectively, conflict can bring benefits: Potential Positive Effects * Better ideas produced * People forced to search for new approaches Long standing problems brought to the surface and resolved * Clarification of individual views * Stimulation of interest and creativity * A chance for people to test their capacities Potential Negative Effects * Some people feel defeated and demeaned * The distance between people increased * A climate of mistrust and suspicion developed * Individuals and groups concentrate on their own narrow interests * Resistance developed rather than teamwork * An increase in employee turnover Models Of Conflict Management There have been many styles of conflict management behavior that have been researched in the past century.One of the earliest,  Mary Parker Follett  (1926/1940) found that conflict was managed by individuals in three main ways: domination,  compromise, and integration. She also found other ways of handling conflict that were employed by organizations, such as  avoidance  and suppression. Early Conflict Management Models Blake and Mouton (1964) were among the first to present a conceptual scheme for classifying the modes (styles) for handling interpersonal conflicts into five types: forcing, withdrawing, smoothing, compromising, and problem solving.In the 1970â€⠄¢s and 1980’s, researchers began using the intentions of the parties involved to classify the styles of conflict management that they would include in their models. Both Thomas (1976) and Pruitt (1983) put forth a model based on the concerns of the parties involved in the conflict. The combination of the parties concern for their own interests (i. e. assertiveness) and their concern for the interests of those across the table (i. e. cooperativeness) would yield a particular conflict management style.Pruitt called these styles yielding (low assertiveness/high cooperativeness), problem solving (high assertiveness/high cooperativeness), inaction (low assertiveness/low cooperativeness), and contending (high assertiveness/low cooperativeness). Pruitt argues that problem-solving is the preferred method when seeking mutually beneficial options. Khun and Poole’s Model Khun and Poole (2000) established a similar system of group conflict management. In their system, they split Kozan’s confrontational model into two sub models: distributive and integrative. Distributive – Here conflict is approached as a distribution of a fixed amount of positive outcomes or resources, where one side will end up winning and the other losing, even if they do win some concessions. * Integrative – Groups utilizing the integrative model see conflict as a chance to integrate the needs and concerns of both groups and make the best outcome possible. This model has a heavier emphasis on compromise than the distributive model. Khun and Poole found that the integrative model resulted in consistently better task related outcomes than those using the distributive model.DeChurch and Marks’s Meta-Taxonomy Model DeChurch and Marks (2001) examined the literature available on conflict management at the time and established what they claimed was a â€Å"meta-taxonomy† that encompasses all other models. They argued that all other styles have inherent in the m into two dimensions – activeness (â€Å"the extent to which conflict behaviors make a responsive and direct rather than inert and indirect impression†) and agreeableness (â€Å"the extent to which conflict behaviors make a pleasant and relaxed rather than unpleasant and strainful impression†).High activeness is characterized by openly discussing differences of opinion while fully going after their own interest. High agreeableness is characterized by attempting to satisfy all parties involved In the study they conducted to validate this division, activeness did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of  conflict resolution, but the  agreeableness  of the conflict management style, whatever it was, did in fact have a positive impact on how groups felt about the way the conflict was managed, regardless of the outcome. CONFLICT CONTROLSTRATEGY| POSSIBLE ACTIONS| EXAMPLES| Avoidance| Avoid situations where conflict occurs; reduce triggering events ; cooling off periods| Reduce contact between the parties; set up system for dealing with conflict subjects; adjourn meetings| Alteration| Change the form or place of the conflict| Agree not to argue in front of others, or to criticise each other without making a positive suggestion; meet before conflict situations to resolve problems| Feedback| Help parties to understand how others are affected| Other people are upset; team s losing resources or cooperation from others; loss of dignity| Help With Consequences| Provide support, more rest, more thinking time| Neutral person to listen to stressed people; time off; more social events; encourage getting away from the office at lunch time; discourage overwork| Suggestions To Overcome Conflict Management. There are many ways to overcome this problem. Here are some suggestions and tips to manage and cope with the conflict management towards organization. * Build a certain and good communication. * As we know communication is a process of i nteract between one person to another.Communication is a tool to convey a message. A good communication can avoid misunderstanding and uncertain information and can directly solve any problem wisely. All person in any organization must know how to build a good communication and know how to react with any problem to a void conflict. If there is something that they might in argue or disagree they have to sit together and come out with a best solution that everyone satisfied. * Don’t ignore conflict. * Conflict in organization can lead a positive outcomes too. Each person in any organization must take a fairly solution and never avoid and ignore the conflict.It is very essential because it can avoid the problem become twice and become bigger and bigger. Conflict might happen in any organization because each person have a different opinion, goals, value and belief. So, everyone must support and help each other to cope the conflict in order to achieve a common goal in the organiza tion. * Have an own conflict management skills. * Skills such us know how negotiate and know how to minimized anger can help and enhance the effectiveness of good working environment. This will make everyone in the organization can achieve a joyful in a workplace.The way everyone carry themselves in the work place can avoid a conflict and misunderstanding between each other. Everyone in any organization must have their own conflict management skills so that every single problem can be solve and minimized easily. Four ways towards organizational performance 1. PM focuses on results, rather than behaviors and activities A common misconception among supervisors is that behaviors and activities are the same as results. Thus, an employee may appear extremely busy, but not be contributing at all toward the goals of the organization.An example is the employee who manually reviews completion of every form and procedure, rather than supporting automation of the review. The supervisor may con clude the employee is very committed to the organization and works very hard, thus, deserving a very high performance rating. 2. Aligns organizational activities and processes to the goals of the organization PM identifies organizational goals, results needed to achieve those goals, measures of effectiveness or efficiency (outcomes) toward the goals, and means (drivers) to achieve the goals.This chain of measurements is examined to ensure alignment with overall results of the organization. 3. Cultivates a system-wide, long-term view of the organization. Richard A. Swanson, in  Performance Improvement Theory and Practice  (Advances in Developing Human Resources, 1, 1999), explains an effective performance improvement process must follow a systems-based approach while looking at outcomes and drivers. Otherwise, the effort produces a flawed picture. For example, laying off people will likely produce short-term profits.However, the organization may eventually experience reduced prod uctivity, resulting in long-term profit loss. 4. Produces meaningful measurements These measurements have a wide variety of useful applications. They are useful in benchmarking, or setting standards for comparison with best practices in other organizations. They provide consistent basis for comparison during internal change efforts. They indicate results during improvement efforts, such as employee training, management development, quality programs, etc. They help ensure equitable and fair treatment to employees based on performance.

Main Kinds of Chemical Reactions